Hot And Dry Desert Essays - Deserts And Xeric Shrublands, Habitats

Hot and Dry Desert The four major North American deserts of this type are the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin. Others outside the U.S. include the Southern Asian realm, Neotropical (South and Central America), Ethiopian (Africa) and Australian. The seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. The winters usually bring little rainfall. Temperatures exhibit daily extremes because the atmosphere contains little humidity to block the Sun's rays. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night. Many mean annual temperatures range from 20-25? C. The extreme maximum ranges from 43.5-49? C. Minimum temperatures sometimes drop to -18? C. Rainfall is usually very low and/or concentrated in short bursts between long rainless periods. Evaporation rates regularly exceed rainfall rates. Sometimes rain starts falling and evaporates before reaching the ground. Rainfall is lowest on the Atacama Desert of Chile, where it averages less than 1.5 cm. Some years are even rainless. Inland Sahara also receives less than 1.5 cm a year. Rainfall in American deserts is higher?almost 28 cm a year. Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage and have no subsurface water. They are coarse because there is less chemical weathering. The finer dust and sand particles are blown elsewhere, leaving heavier pieces behind. Canopy in most deserts is very rare. Plants are mainly ground-hugging shrubs and short woody trees. Leaves are "replete" (fully supported with nutrients) with water-conserving characteristics. They tend to be small, thick and covered with a thick cuticle (outer layer). In the cacti, the leaves are much-reduced (to spines) and photosynthetic activity is restricted to the stems. Some plants open their stomata (microscopic openings in the epidermis of leaves that allow for gas exchange) only at night when evaporation rates are lowest. These plants include: yuccas, ocotillo, turpentine bush, prickly pears, false mesquite, sotol, ephedras, agaves and brittlebush. The animals include small nocturnal (active at night) carnivores. The dominant animals are burrowers and kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids, reptiles and birds. The animals stay inactive in protected hideaways during the hot day and come out to forage at dusk, dawn or at night, when the desert is cooler. Semiarid Desert The major deserts of this type include the sagebrush of Utah, Montana and Great Basin. They also include the Nearctic realm (North America, Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe and northern Asia). The summers are moderately long and dry, and like hot deserts, the winters normally bring low concentrations of rainfall. Summer temperatures usually average between 21-27? C. It normally does not go above 38? C and evening temperatures are cool, at around 10? C. Cool nights help both plants and animals by reducing moisture loss from transpiration, sweating and breathing. Furthermore, condensation of dew caused by night cooling may equal or exceed the rainfall received by some deserts. As in the hot desert, rainfall is often very low and/or concentrated. The average rainfall ranges from 2-4 cm annually. The soil can range from sandy and fine-textured to loose rock fragments, gravel or sand. It has a fairly low salt concentration, compared to deserts which receive a lot of rain (acquiring higher salt concentrations as a result). In areas such as mountain slopes, the soil is shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage. In the upper bajada (lower slopes) they are coarse-textured, rocky, well-drained and partly "laid by rock bench." In the lower bajada (bottom land) the soil is sandy and fine-textured, often with "caliche hardpan." In each case there is no subsurface water. The spiny nature of many plants in semiarid deserts provides protection in a hazardous environment. The large numbers of spines shade the surface enough to significantly reduce transpiration. The same may be true of the hairs on the woolly desert plants. Many plants have silvery or glossy leaves, allowing them to reflect more radiant energy. These plants often have an unfavorable odor or taste. Semiarid plants include: Creosote bush, bur sage (Franseria dumosa or F. deltoidea), white thorn, cat claw, mesquite, brittle bushes (Encelia farinosa), lyciums, and jujube. During the day, insects move around twigs to stay on the shady side; jack rabbits follow the moving shadow of a cactus or

buy custom Due Process essay

buy custom Due Process essay Under the constitution, it is likely to find one or more law that conflict with the other. However, this is got rid of by clauses under each law. The Fifth Amendment requires the federal government to observe the code that no person shall be dispossessed basic rights such as life, liberty, or property with exemption of due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment, approved in 1868, depends on the due process clause to depict a legal responsibility of all countries. This measure is done to observe that all parties in any case receive fair and equal treatment in the period of case preparation and presentation. INCORPORATION OF DUE PROCESS The Fifth Amendment's allusion to due process is simply one of countless assurances of safeguarding the Bill of Rights. A lot of changes occurred in the Twentieth Century. A number of Supreme Court rulings observed that the due process clause had the basic elements of bill of rights. That was about a century later after the incorporation of the due process clause in the 19th century. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any state from launching separated institution or else astute individuals against some of their society members. The bill of right lacks the clause for equal protection. Therefore, the due process clause provides the basic protection against breaching or contradicting how the bill of rights is carried out. The due process clause observes equality when carrying out necessary measures to protect the law and the citizen. Without the due process clause, it would be extremely easy to tamper with a case before presentation to the law courts. With the due process in place, it is easy to understand why the saying, one remains innocent until proven otherwise by a court of law. The term due process, as it sounds, reflects on the procedure taken to protect and respect person legal rights. This is the period before the presentation of a case in a law court. The due process is used to balance and equate the law and moreover protect persons. If due process is not followed, it leads to violation of the rule of law (Hartigan, 2003). ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM The adversarial system is a combination of elements that constitute the presentation of a case. This comprises of the due process observation, presentation of arguments by both parties and gathering and submission of evidenc. The final part of this system is questioning of third party entity, the witness, under provided rules to determine a witness. Through this system the neutral entity, judge or jury, remains neutral throughout the procedure of the system. When the procedure is through, it is the work of the neutral entity to determine the truth and settle the case. The controversy behind the adversary system that lays a platform for the due process is, it accessibility. The adversary system is sometimes known to favor the wealthy people of the society by creating loopholes in the system. To make maters worse the adversary system is also known to be fast paced on resolving conflicts rather than being an investigative system that seeks the truth only. The majority, with limited resources, are mostly locked out of enjoying the benefits of the due process through the adversary system. Other loophole present in the adversarial system is the idea that even if a person admits being guilty, the prosecutor evidence has to prove that (Wasserman, 2004). RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED It may sound funny but any person accused of any crime is objected to enjoy his freedom of all rights in the bill of rights until they are proven guilty. For such a person to enjoy their rights, the due process and the adversarial system must be fair to all parties. For a person to be deemed guilty, the prosecutor must provide enough evidence to prove the person accused actually committed a crime. Above all, things, the defendant must be protected from self-incrimination. Self-incrimination can be achieved through torture or blackmail. The accused person is entitled to remain silent till they come across their defending legal counsel. If the counsel is not available, the accused has the right to be provided with adequate legal representation provided by the court. One cannot be charged under the same crime twice. When a case starts, the accused has the right to free and speedy trial at the court of law. In case, a citizen is accused of a crime, before a search is done on their premis es, the police must obtain a search warrant. In case of the witnesses, the accused is free to bring their own witnesses. PROCESS AFTER CRIME IS COMMITED First, it is the work of the security officers to determine whether a crime has at any chance been committed. Such work is left to the security officers since they are equipped with resources to investigate and determine the extent of a crime. Investigations involve, talking to close witnesses and gathering other relevant evidence form the crime scene. Evidence collection can go a step ahead to make a case more valid by videotaping and photographing. After all that is done, the police start to determine the probable answers to the cause of the crime. All this is done through recording the statements of both parties involved in the crime (Hartigan, 2003).A follow up investigation is done to arrest the offender or seize illegal goods. After investigation are through by the law enforcement agency. After the police agency is through with their investigation, the case is filed to the corresponding prosecuting attorney. The prosecutor reviews the case and determines which evidence is reliable and the step ahead. If the case is valid, the prosecutor determines under what offense the crime is to be filed. If the evidence is not reliable to put a tough case, the case is readmitted for further investigation or nullified. POST ARREST PROCEDURE If the prosecutor feels that there is enough evidence to put a tough case, the accused is arrested. However, this is not to mean that the accused is guilty. Before one is fully tried and a sentence is issued, a lot happens. Most of The arrests are warrantless. When one is arrested, they are then transported to jail and booked. When being booked, the person details are filled in an occurrence book. The booking is extremely beneficial as it is an administrative process. Activities carried out in booking includes, accused name, contact, place of work, phone details, and next of kin information. The defendant is also photographed and their fingerprints taken. After the arrest, one is entitled to make three phone calls to inform their lawyer or their people. The person arrested, remains in jail till they are bailed or they appear in arraignment. Next is the preliminary hearing, followed by plea-bargaining. CONCLUSION Under any circumstance, the law is the only friend of an accused person. No person has the authority to deny a person from that only friend. All clauses in the law are meant to protect any accused citizen. The due process allows any accused person to enjoy all rights in the bill of right before being deemed guilty by a court of law. The adversarial system has all the elements to enable the due process to take the course with no contradiction of the law. Buy custom Due Process essay

Ike Turner and Tina Turner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ike Turner and Tina Turner - Essay Example Meanwhile, the most famous forms of grave crime might just probably be murder and rape. But the majority of reported crimes involve non-stranger violence, consisting of property and drug crimes. (Koski, 2002) According to Koski (2002), the crimes that arouse the greatest fear in people are violent, personal attacks by strangers. He went on to say that interpersonal crime is deeply damaging seeing as it also causes emotional and financial toll on its victims. Another kind of crime that might apply to the case to be discussed in this paper is predatory crime. Such consists of a "motivated offender" and a "suitable target." However, the most frequent form of crime might just arguably be abuse, in any form. Abuse is often defined as "a corrupt practice or custom or an improper or excessive use or treatment." (Abuse, 2008) This word seriously condemns any unjust physical maltreatment. Koski (2008) said that in such cases of people wanting to discuss the root of some crimes, they would straight away go to the offender for answers. However, stereotypes of such persons do not always match their real characteristics. In order to help people properly understand offenders, he outlined the core characteristics of a criminal offender. First is the age of onset. ... First is the age of onset. According to such a character, a criminal offender might have started on such a path or life trajectory of committing crimes at an early age or early stage of his or her life. Second is childhood environment. With this, Koski (2008) attributes his offending tendencies to having been brought up or raised in an unstable environment. He or she might have experienced "severe physical abuse, emotional trauma, and showed signs of 'hypermasculinity' engendered by the absence of a father." Third is substance abuse. Of course this would entail taking in a lot of alcohol or illegal narcotics, which more often than not, were caused by deeper, darker reasons that caused the future offender to be scarred physically, mentally and emotionally. Fourth is male role model. Such a core characteristic says that certain outlooks, beliefs and practices of potential offenders might have stemmed from being exposed to different kinds of people, especially to people to whom a person can relate to the most. Fifth is psychosocial development. Aside from having different addictions and problems, Koski (2008) said that he might have experienced other "psychosocial maladies." Sixth are predatory inclinations. Koski (2008) in this case says that if a person who has undergone a turbulent childhood baffled by physical abuse, he is more likely to engage in relationships that would have violence integrated in its core, with him or her as the offender and not the victim anymore. And, in order to clearly illustrate the picture of an offender, it is a must that we take on the discussion of the life of Ike Wister Turner, one of the major characters in the case this paper hopes to look into. On November 5, 1931, he was born to