Commonly Confused Words Quotation and Quote

In formal English, quotation is a noun (as in a quotation from Shakespeare) and quote is a verb (She likes to quote Shakespeare). However, in everyday speech and informal English, quote is often treated as a shortened form of quotation. Definitions The noun quotation refers to a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker. A direct quotation is a report of the exact words of an author or speaker. Direct quotations are placed inside quotation marks.An indirect quotation is a paraphrase of someone elses words: it reports on what a person said without using his or her exact words. Indirect quotations are not placed inside quotation marks. The verb quote means to repeat a group of words originally written or spoken by another person. In informal speech and writing, quote is sometimes used as a shortened form of the noun quotation. See usage notes below. Examples She remembered a quotation  shed read recently, the words of H.L. Mencken: Nothing can come out of an artist that is not in the man.(Hilary Sloin, Art on Fire. Bywater, 2012)Relying on numerous interviews of parents and children with a wide range of skin colors, [Lori] Tharps proves the  quotation  by the social scientist Frank Sulloway to be painfully true: No social injustice is felt more deeply than that suffered within ones own family.(Allyson Hobbs, Im Not the Nanny: Multiracial Families and Colorism. The New York Times, November 3, 2016)Many times I have wanted to quote Topsy, the young black girl in Uncle Toms Cabin. I have been tempted to say, I dunno. I just growed.(Maya Angelou, Mom Me Mom. Random House, 2013)[V]ery few quotes in newspapers are completely accurate in the sense of  being faithful to the false starts and hesitancies of the spoken word.(Ian Jack, Should We Quote Swear Words? Im Not Sure Theyre Absolutely Necessary. The Guardian [UK],  September 20, 2013) Usage Notes The noun quote, short for quotation, was first recorded in 1888. ... This sense of quote has met with strong disapproval in some quarters. Such commentators as Bernstein 1965, Follett 1966, Shaw 1977, and Trimmer McCrimmon 1988 have disparaged its use in writing, and the Heritage 1969, 1982 usage panel rejected it by a large majority (the 2000 panel has lightened up). Some other critics, however, have taken a more tolerant view. Harper 1985, for example, accepts its use in writing that has a conversational tone, and Bremner 1980 calls it standard in the publishing business.The noun quote is now widely used in standard if mostly casual writing, ... but there are still times when it seems most appropriate to choose quotation instead. We recommend that you let your own judgment of the writing situation and your sense of idiom be your guide.(Merriam-Websters Concise Dictionary of English Usage, 2002)The problem with quotation is that, to the writer who hopes to deliver goods quickly, th e three syllables sound and read as if they were slowing the sentence down. The single syllable of quote, meanwhile, sounds apt to such a writer. And it sounds more and more natural all the time, as it seems to predominate in spoken English. So although it remains informal for now, its gaining ground in formal prose.(Bryan A. Garner, Garners Modern English  Usage, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2016) Practice (a) Melinda begins each of her essays with a familiar ______.(b) When he cant think of an answer, Gus likes to _____ a song lyric. Answers to Practice (a) Melinda begins each of her essays with a familiar quotation.(b) When he cant think of an answer, Gus likes to quote a song lyric.

Manifest Destiny And American Territorial Expansion Essay

Rapid population growth and overuse of the land east of the Mississippi River, coupled with the knowledge that there was an abundance of land for new settlement west of the river, led to the ideology of expansionism; the ideology became simply known as Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, written by Amy S. Greenburg, deeply explains the motivation of the individuals looking to expand their settlements westward. Since the time of publication, we have realized that we could have handled the situation, in which we removed the inhabitants of the west from their homeland, in a better way. Americans believed that it was their God-given right to expand westward by destroying anything in their path. â€Å"†¦courageous pioneers believed that America had a divine obligation to stretch the boundaries of their noble republic to the Pacific Ocean.† (â€Å"29. Manifest Destiny.†) Amy Greenburg wrote Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expa nsion to help others better understand the meaning and ideology of the term Manifest Destiny. In order to understand the historical context in which this term, Manifest Destiny, came about, it is necessary to completely comprehend that overcrowded communities were becoming quite an issue in America. Written upon the need for expansion, Greenburg details how mass migration flushed the inhabitants residing west of the Mississippi River from their territory as Americans took over all the land. The displaced Native Americans andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Manifest Destiny and American Politics658 Words   |  3 Pagesfurther division of American politics. The most divisive issue in American politics during this time frame was the idea of Manifest Destiny, or territorial expansion. Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was the United States’ destiny to take over all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Most of the public was in favor of territorial expansion, though some politicians felt it contradicted the constitution. Strict constructionists were against territorial expansion, while loose constructionistsRead MoreEssay about Territorial Expansion1635 Words   |  7 PagesTerritorial Expansion Almost all people have, at one stage or another in their history felt and expressed the need to extend their territory and also to explain and justify their need both to the world and to themselves. ( John A. Hawgood, Manifest Destiny, p126) When North America was first being colonised in the early 17th century, the settlers made their home along the coasts of the ocean and the shores of the nearby rivers. Nevertheless, as the population kept growing, adventurersRead MoreManifest Destiny : Manifest Identity878 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor- Dr. Goral. MANIFEST DESTINY Manifest Destiny was basically the belief Americans had to extend its systems of democracy, federalism, and personal freedom, as well as to accommodate its rapidly growing population by ultimately taking possession of the entire North American continent. My interpretation remains diplomatic. Since Manifest Destiny was always a general notion than a specific policy. It had helped the Native Americans to expand their land and the American settlers had witnessedRead MoreEssay on America Has Been A World Power1040 Words   |  5 Pagescountry. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 1840s were years of extraordinary territorial growth for the United States. During a four year period, our American territory was increased by 1.2 million square miles, a gain of more than sixty percent. The expansion of our country was so rapid, that it came to be seen as an inexorable process, prompting many Americans to insist that their nation had a quot;manifest destinyquot; to dominate the continent. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The expansionistRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesBecause of the desire and belief of Americans that the United States’ purpose to expand west to the Pacific Ocean, Manifest Destiny would become one of the most influential ideologies in American history (Greenberg 3). This belief of the settlers aided in the westward expansion of the nation’s boundaries through the removal of the Native Americans who had inhabited the western lands for generations and in some cases centuries; and with a war with Mexico in which we gained territory in Texas, theRead MoreManifest Destiny and Foreign Policy1135 Words   |  5 PagesManifest Destiny and Foreign Policy The term Manifest Destiny, which American writer John L. OSullivan first used in the New York Democratic Review in 1845. , describes what most 19th-Century Americans believed was their God-given mission to expand westward, occupy a continental nation, and extend U.S. constitutional government to unenlightened peoples. The idea was the driving force behind the rapid expansion of America into the West from the East, and it was heavily promoted in newspapersRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthat would evolve into the American ideology known today as Manifest Destiny. Still, it was not until 1834 that the newspaper editor, John L. OSullivan, is believed to have first coined the phrase â€Å"Manifest Destiny† when he said in his article Annexation, ...our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions (OSullivan 2). Manifest Destiny produced many conflicts, like the Mexican Am erican War, caused the genocideRead MoreJohn O Sulliv Manifest Destiny1164 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans wanted to head west, this mindset was given the name of â€Å"Manifest Destiny† by John O’Sullivan. Manifest Destiny was a term that was prevalent during the 19th century. It expressed the belief that America’s mission was to expand their civilization across North America; this expansion would create liberty and economic progress through territorial gain. President Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, all collectively believed in the Jeffersonian’s mindset, these presidents encouraged such movement;Read MoreManifest Destiny Essays694 Words   |  3 PagesManifest Destiny took place in the US in the mid-1800. Manifest Destiny was used among the Americans in the 1840’s as a defense for U.S. territorial expansion. It is the presumption that God had destined the American people to at divine mission of American movement and conquest in the name of Chri stianity and democracy. In order to understand manifest destiny we must first find its’ origin. John O’Sullivan first initiated manifest destiny into America in 1845. This New York editor wrote the phraseRead MoreWestward Expansion and Indian Removal1480 Words   |  6 Pagesgiving up on aspirations of success and expansion? Would our country exist as the power symbol it is today without certain actions that removed the barriers preventing American expansion and growth? Although the aboriginal people of America had claimed their land before the settlement of white colonists, the Native Americans proved an impediment towards the ultimate growth in America’s economic and commercial power. However harsh the treatment of Native Americans in the past was, the relocation and removal

Consequences of Document Falsification-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Document falsification is a type of fraud that is of increasing challenge in the business community. Answer: Introduction Document falsification refers to the presentation of false document or theory. Falsification of documents is an ethical crime that contradicts society and business norms. Fake documents are some of the trending issues that currently characterize most organizations. Ethical standards dictate that individuals should be fully accountable for their own actions. The situation is similar in the academic industry with most students currently present documents that are written on behalf. Presenting or submitting documents that are not their own document falsification and does not only touches students but also business sector. In the business sector, there are many companies that currently are run with intention of writing other students assignment. These assignments are presented in school or university for unmerited degree or diplomas. Document falsification is also part of companies where fake documents are also presented as though genuine. Theories have been put forward to explain variou s perspectives of ethics. There are consequences of document falsification that cut across the sphere of life from personal level to society level. To understand document falsification, it is important to understand MacDonalds four levels of business ethics. Student document falsification Document falsification is an ethical destructive crime that has also infiltrated into academic systems thereby corrupting the entire system with an immoral presentation of unmerited grades (Blackburn, 2001). Ethical standards require professionals to act in morally accepted principles of that constitute honesty and merited. Students should be accountable for their own action and practice. Document falsification is a fraud that goes in a cycle starting with student to employers. Document falsification as an issue in the business platform can be viewed based on the MacDonalds four levels of business ethics. MacDonalds four levels of business ethics are classified into society level, industry level, and company level and at a personal level. MacDonald is international fast-food chain founder that explain ethics into four different levels beginning by personal level, company level, industry level and society level. In order to understand the concept of student document falsification, it is important to analyze this phenomenon using MacDonalds four levels of business ethics (Kidder, 2003). Society level Society is the apex of the triangle that forms the basis of the MacDonalds four levels of business ethics. The society is currently affected by the document falsification as a nearly most institution in general tries to detect or identify false document presented by students claiming ownership. Firstly, currently, document falsification touches nearly all industries meaning all sectors of the economy are most likely to be affected by this fraud (Roger, 2011). This means that the fraud has infiltrated the entire society as grandaunts present papers that falsely attained in the university. Secondly, many offices both in public and private sectors are battling out fake papers that are presented as genuine certificates supposing obtained from universities. Thirdly, ethical standards at the society level will be jeopardized since companies will crop up that assist students to attain grades. The society is founded on the moral principles that are accepted all people in the society includin g companies that employ students after school (O'Connor, 2015). Industry level MacDonalds four levels of business ethics classification indicate that ethics in the industry is where the entire sector and related sectors or production has an application of the ethics. Firstly, document falsification at the industry level is the act of ethical concern surrounding false documents that are presented without ethical standards. Secondly, university and related industries can be doomed affected with the document falsification as many students currently submit assignment or papers that are not their own. Industry level of MacDonalds four levels of business ethics represents academic and related industries. For instance, the academic platform is an example of the industry affected by this unethical practice that also touch on other industries related to universities. Moreover, in the industry, there are many elements of document falsification as published assignments and reports are submitted not only in an academic institution but also other organizations that require such papers. A similar concern has also been raised by business sector where business papers and reports or research papers are also written on behalf of people who employees who are supposed to write. Company level Company level of the ethics is the level at which ethics touches as a single organization, for example, a university or an institution. At the university, for example, document falsification is evident in many ways. Firstly, students submitting the assignment that has been done by other people as though their own assignment (Perle, 2004). Sometimes the student pays other professional or freelance academic writers to write on their behalf. The assignment is therefore written in a way that can bypass all the plagiarism checks without detection. The university is forced to develop systems that can detect plagiarism though this does not detect indicate the connection between student submitting a paper and the paper itself (Russell, 2013). Secondly, this fraud is connected to two industries, one for the writer and another for the university. The company therefore falsely gives out a certificate to the student for the unmerited grade. This document is further presented in another instituti on where the grandaunt seeks employment. In another instance, other students use or own up another persons theory as though their own idea. Despite this being plagiarism, the student also present the idea documented as a false document. To bypass plagiarism theories are rewritten in own word as own idea (Cully, 2014). This document falsification and contradict the ethical or moral standards of professionalism. Personal Level At the personal level, an individual, manager or office take full responsibility of own action. Personhood can be termed as individual accountability that gives the full responsibility of own action and is directly reflected in use and submission of papers. Firstly, the individual student should take full responsibility and accountability for papers they may falsely give as though personal. It is unethical to submit documents that a student did not write as though they have written and can also be termed as immoral. According to Lynch, (2002), morality dictates that one need to do something that does not contradict what is morally accepted. In case of such immoral act, the student should take full moral accountability. Honesty begins at a personal level and this means that once a student becomes disobedient the whole system becomes corrupt. One theory for ethics is Kantianism that emphasis on individual action rather than the result. This based on the student's action that is not mor ally accepted as opposing the result that the student obtains from the false assignment (Miller, 2009). Theories of ethics There are different theories that been advanced to explain ethics especially document falsification. Some of these theories are consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics and relativist perspectives. These theories look at the different perspective of ethics and each has a different view on morality, accountability, and standards. Consequentialism theory looks at the ethics from consequences of an action rather than the action itself. Unlike MacDonalds four levels of business ethics that just focus on the outward level of business ethics. The theory explains that students, for instance, are judged base on the result not considering the document submitted in the university. Though document falsification by the student may not be morally accepted, it is only judged from the consequent of action rather than intention or action. At the end of every action that one does there are consequences that follow. This is particularly connected to the accountability of an individual for their own action. Whether the result is positive or negative, the student is solemnly accountable for own behavior as this will be reflected on their work performance once employed or working (Russell, 2013). Deontology, on the other hand, is a perspective that looks at the nature of duty and obligation, unlike consequentialism theory. It is the duty of the student to study and do the assignment. It is also the obligation of students to study and write an assignment and this dictates that only qualified person is awarded certificate (Portmore Douglas, 2011). The whole perspective does not consider any action but just the nature of duty and obligation that is required of an individual. This implies that student that has a duty to study attend lectures and are assessed as the nature of their duty need not involve in other practice that is not their obligation. According to Salzman (1995), Deontology is partly in agreement with the virtue theory since all point to an obligation that is expected of an individual (Sutton et al, 2010). Another theory is virtue ethics that considers character above all another aspect of personhood. This is different from other theories that solemnly look at action, result or consequences. Virtue ethics rely on the personal accountability practice and one needs to be responsible for own action and act in the morally accepted manner (Hoy, 2005). As in the case of the university, the morality of student should be based on a personal character that is closely related to deontology even though deontology explains ethics from the duty perspective (Pojman Fieser, 2009). This is similar to virtue ethics that also consider personal accountability hence as student nature of duty and obligation should bring strong personal character based on what is morally right. Virtue ethics also contradict consequentialism theory that fully judge according to the result and this means there is no need for accountability or character (Devettere, 2002). Theory of relativism explains that there is no absolute truth even though ethics is based on what is true and morally accepted. The theory contradicts other theories that focus on a certain aspect of ethics or standards of practice that are accepted in business practice. As students get their assignment written for them, relativism theory requires or indicates that there is no truth and anything is just accepted (Michael, 2010). Whether the action contradicts what is morally accepted, the theory of relativism just comments that practice can be accepted so long as the owner remains realistic about owning the work. This implies that if the student owns up the assignment regardless of the source of the assignment the student remains the owner of work. The relativist theory Furthermore, explains ethics in a manner that does not also agree with deontology theory that relies on duty and obligation of a student in school (Lafollette, 2014). Consequences of document falsification Document falsification is not morally accepted the practice does not confer to standards of practice. Document falsification has consequences both to the student and their profession. Firstly, presenting false documents is a crime since it contradicts the ethical requirement and duty or obligation of students. It is the duty of students to study and write an assignment, having the assignment done for a student at a fee is contradicting duty and obligation of students. Secondly, document falsification leads to unmerited grades that are awarded to students despite not doing the assignments (Cavalier, 2013). Thirdly, presenting documents falsely as though personal kills the professionalism as grades are awarded to students they are not qualified. Qualification for grades should be based on the ability of the student to study, write and are assessed. Fourthly, employment may face problems since students who graduate with false documents will present fake papers to the employer (Kamm, 200 6). Finally, the whole society is infiltrated with the immoral behaviors as many companies also engage in assignment writing practice. The situation will worsen the academic industry as many people will have unmerited degrees, diplomas or certificates. The society expects the students to exhibit professionalism, accountability and ethical standards that are acceptable to the society (Doris Stich, 2008; Wallace, 2007). Therefore, individuals who commit the crime of document falsification should be burned from learning for a specific period of time as punishment for their action. Conclusion In conclusion, document falsification is a crime that involves student presenting assignment, report or essay written by a paid writer as though students own written work. MacDonald's four levels of business ethics explain the four levels of business ethics ranging from personal ethic at the lowest level followed by company, industry, and society at the apex. There are also other theories that have been advanced to explain ethics from a different perspective. Some of these theories are consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics and relativist perspectives. Document falsification is linked to consequences that are not only felt at a personal level but also at the society level. References Blackburn, S. (2001), Being good: A short introduction to ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cully, P. (2014), Plagiarism avoidance in academic submissions. Dublin Institute of Technology, 2013. Full PDF available for download at: https://arrow.dit.ie/bescharcoth/4/ Cavalier, R. (2013), Meta-ethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics. Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Devettere, R. J. (2002), Introduction to Virtue Ethics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Doris Stich (2008), Wallace (2007), Wallace writes: "Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions" (p. 86). Kamm F. M. Professor of Philosophy Harvard University (2006), Intricate Ethics Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. Oxford University Press. Hoy, D. (2005), Critical Resistance from Poststructuralism to Postcritique. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Kidder, R. (2003), How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living. New York: Harper Collins. p.63. Lafollette, H. (2014), Ethics in Practice: An Anthology[ed.]. Wiley Blackwell, 4th edition, Oxford. Lynch, J. (2002), The Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft: Plagiarism, Copyright, and the Eighteenth Century, in Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 24, no. 4 (Winter 20023), pp.5154. Also available online since 2006 at Writing World. Miller, C. (2009), The Conditions of Moral Realism. The Journal of Philosophical Research, 34, 123-155 Michael, K. (2010), Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology, New York: Columbia University Press, O'Connor, Z. (2015), Extreme plagiarism: The rise of the e-Idiot? International Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 20 (1), pp1-11. Pojman, L.P. Fieser, J. (2009), Virtue Theory. In Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong (pp. 146-169). (6th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Portmore, Douglas, W. (2011), Commonsense Consequentialism: Wherein Morality Meets Rationality. New York: Oxford University Press. Perle, S. (March 11, 2004), Morality and Ethics: An Introduction. Retrieved February 13, 2007., Butchvarov, Panayot. Skepticism in Ethics (1989). Roger, T. A. (April 30, 2011), Confucian Role Ethics: A Vocabulary. University of Hawai?i Press. Russell, D. C. (2013), The Cambridge Companion to Virtue Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Salzman, T. A. (1995), Deontology and Teleology: An Investigation of the Normative Debate in Roman Catholic Moral Theology. University Press. Sutton, A. J. et al, (July 2010), Assessing publication bias in meta-analysis in the presence of between-study heterogeneity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 173 (3): 575591.

The Grapes Of Wrath Essays - U.S. Route 66, Dust Bowl,

The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930's live under. The novel tells of one families migration west to California through the great economic depression of the 1930's. The Joad family had to abandon their home and their livelihoods. They had to uproot and set adrift because tractors were rapidly industrializing their farms. The bank took possession of their land because the owners could not pay off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with moving to California. How they survive the cruelty of the land owners that take advantage of them, their poverty and willingness to work. The Grapes of Wrath combines Steinbeck adoration of the land, his simple hatred of corruption resulting from materialism (money) and his abiding faith in the common people to overcome the hostile environment. The novel opens with a retaining picture of nature on rampage. The novel shows the men and women that are unbroken by nature. The theme is one of man verses a hostile environment. His body destroyed but his spirit is not broken. The method used to develop the theme of the novel is through the use of symbolism. There are several uses of symbols in the novel from the turtle at the beginning to the rain at the end. As each symbol is presented through the novel they show examples of the good and the bad things that exist within the novel. The opening chapter paints a vivid picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described a covering everything, smothering the life out of anything that wants to grow. The dust is symbolic of the erosion of the lives of the people. The dust is synonymous with deadness. The land is ruined ^way of life (farming) gone, people ^uprooted and forced to leave. Secondly, the dust stands for ^profiteering banks in the background that squeeze the life out the land by forcing the people off the land. The soil, the people (farmers) have been drained of life and are exploited: The last rain fell on the red and gray country of Oklahoma in early May. The weeds became a dark green to protect themselves from the sun's unyielding rays....The wind grew stronger, uprooting the weakened corn, and the air became so filled with dust that the stars were not visible at night. (Chp 1) As the chapter continues a turtle, which appears and reappears several times early in the novel, can be seen to stand for survival, a driving life force in all of mankind that cannot be beaten by nature or man. The turtle represents a hope that the trip to the west is survivable by the farmer migrants (Joad family). The turtle further represents the migrants struggles against nature/man by overcoming every obstacle he encounters: the red ant in his path, the truck driver who tries to run over him, being captured in Tom Joad's jacket: And now a light truck approached, and as it came near, the driver saw the turtle and swerved to hit it. The driver of the truck works for a large company, who try to stop the migrants from going west, when the driver attempts to hit the turtle it is another example of the big powerful guy trying to flatten or kill the little guy. Everything the turtle encounters trys its best to stop the turtle from making its westerly journey. Steadily the turtle advances on, ironically to the southwest, the direction of the mirgration of people. The turtle is described as being lasting, ancient, old and wise: horny head, yellowed toenails, indestructible high dome of a shell, humorous old eyes. (Chp 1)The driver of the truck, red ant and Tom Joad's jacket are all symbolic of nature and man the try to stop the turtle from continuing his journey westward to the promise land. The turtle helps to develop the theme by showing its struggle against life/ comparing it with the Joad struggle against man. The grapes seem to symbolize both bitterness and copiousness. Grandpa the oldest member of the Joad family talks of the grapes as symbols of plenty; all his descriptions of what he is going to do with the grapes in California

Hot And Dry Desert Essays - Deserts And Xeric Shrublands, Habitats

Hot and Dry Desert The four major North American deserts of this type are the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave and Great Basin. Others outside the U.S. include the Southern Asian realm, Neotropical (South and Central America), Ethiopian (Africa) and Australian. The seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. The winters usually bring little rainfall. Temperatures exhibit daily extremes because the atmosphere contains little humidity to block the Sun's rays. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night. Many mean annual temperatures range from 20-25? C. The extreme maximum ranges from 43.5-49? C. Minimum temperatures sometimes drop to -18? C. Rainfall is usually very low and/or concentrated in short bursts between long rainless periods. Evaporation rates regularly exceed rainfall rates. Sometimes rain starts falling and evaporates before reaching the ground. Rainfall is lowest on the Atacama Desert of Chile, where it averages less than 1.5 cm. Some years are even rainless. Inland Sahara also receives less than 1.5 cm a year. Rainfall in American deserts is higher?almost 28 cm a year. Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage and have no subsurface water. They are coarse because there is less chemical weathering. The finer dust and sand particles are blown elsewhere, leaving heavier pieces behind. Canopy in most deserts is very rare. Plants are mainly ground-hugging shrubs and short woody trees. Leaves are "replete" (fully supported with nutrients) with water-conserving characteristics. They tend to be small, thick and covered with a thick cuticle (outer layer). In the cacti, the leaves are much-reduced (to spines) and photosynthetic activity is restricted to the stems. Some plants open their stomata (microscopic openings in the epidermis of leaves that allow for gas exchange) only at night when evaporation rates are lowest. These plants include: yuccas, ocotillo, turpentine bush, prickly pears, false mesquite, sotol, ephedras, agaves and brittlebush. The animals include small nocturnal (active at night) carnivores. The dominant animals are burrowers and kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids, reptiles and birds. The animals stay inactive in protected hideaways during the hot day and come out to forage at dusk, dawn or at night, when the desert is cooler. Semiarid Desert The major deserts of this type include the sagebrush of Utah, Montana and Great Basin. They also include the Nearctic realm (North America, Newfoundland, Greenland, Russia, Europe and northern Asia). The summers are moderately long and dry, and like hot deserts, the winters normally bring low concentrations of rainfall. Summer temperatures usually average between 21-27? C. It normally does not go above 38? C and evening temperatures are cool, at around 10? C. Cool nights help both plants and animals by reducing moisture loss from transpiration, sweating and breathing. Furthermore, condensation of dew caused by night cooling may equal or exceed the rainfall received by some deserts. As in the hot desert, rainfall is often very low and/or concentrated. The average rainfall ranges from 2-4 cm annually. The soil can range from sandy and fine-textured to loose rock fragments, gravel or sand. It has a fairly low salt concentration, compared to deserts which receive a lot of rain (acquiring higher salt concentrations as a result). In areas such as mountain slopes, the soil is shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage. In the upper bajada (lower slopes) they are coarse-textured, rocky, well-drained and partly "laid by rock bench." In the lower bajada (bottom land) the soil is sandy and fine-textured, often with "caliche hardpan." In each case there is no subsurface water. The spiny nature of many plants in semiarid deserts provides protection in a hazardous environment. The large numbers of spines shade the surface enough to significantly reduce transpiration. The same may be true of the hairs on the woolly desert plants. Many plants have silvery or glossy leaves, allowing them to reflect more radiant energy. These plants often have an unfavorable odor or taste. Semiarid plants include: Creosote bush, bur sage (Franseria dumosa or F. deltoidea), white thorn, cat claw, mesquite, brittle bushes (Encelia farinosa), lyciums, and jujube. During the day, insects move around twigs to stay on the shady side; jack rabbits follow the moving shadow of a cactus or

buy custom Due Process essay

buy custom Due Process essay Under the constitution, it is likely to find one or more law that conflict with the other. However, this is got rid of by clauses under each law. The Fifth Amendment requires the federal government to observe the code that no person shall be dispossessed basic rights such as life, liberty, or property with exemption of due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment, approved in 1868, depends on the due process clause to depict a legal responsibility of all countries. This measure is done to observe that all parties in any case receive fair and equal treatment in the period of case preparation and presentation. INCORPORATION OF DUE PROCESS The Fifth Amendment's allusion to due process is simply one of countless assurances of safeguarding the Bill of Rights. A lot of changes occurred in the Twentieth Century. A number of Supreme Court rulings observed that the due process clause had the basic elements of bill of rights. That was about a century later after the incorporation of the due process clause in the 19th century. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any state from launching separated institution or else astute individuals against some of their society members. The bill of right lacks the clause for equal protection. Therefore, the due process clause provides the basic protection against breaching or contradicting how the bill of rights is carried out. The due process clause observes equality when carrying out necessary measures to protect the law and the citizen. Without the due process clause, it would be extremely easy to tamper with a case before presentation to the law courts. With the due process in place, it is easy to understand why the saying, one remains innocent until proven otherwise by a court of law. The term due process, as it sounds, reflects on the procedure taken to protect and respect person legal rights. This is the period before the presentation of a case in a law court. The due process is used to balance and equate the law and moreover protect persons. If due process is not followed, it leads to violation of the rule of law (Hartigan, 2003). ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM The adversarial system is a combination of elements that constitute the presentation of a case. This comprises of the due process observation, presentation of arguments by both parties and gathering and submission of evidenc. The final part of this system is questioning of third party entity, the witness, under provided rules to determine a witness. Through this system the neutral entity, judge or jury, remains neutral throughout the procedure of the system. When the procedure is through, it is the work of the neutral entity to determine the truth and settle the case. The controversy behind the adversary system that lays a platform for the due process is, it accessibility. The adversary system is sometimes known to favor the wealthy people of the society by creating loopholes in the system. To make maters worse the adversary system is also known to be fast paced on resolving conflicts rather than being an investigative system that seeks the truth only. The majority, with limited resources, are mostly locked out of enjoying the benefits of the due process through the adversary system. Other loophole present in the adversarial system is the idea that even if a person admits being guilty, the prosecutor evidence has to prove that (Wasserman, 2004). RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED It may sound funny but any person accused of any crime is objected to enjoy his freedom of all rights in the bill of rights until they are proven guilty. For such a person to enjoy their rights, the due process and the adversarial system must be fair to all parties. For a person to be deemed guilty, the prosecutor must provide enough evidence to prove the person accused actually committed a crime. Above all, things, the defendant must be protected from self-incrimination. Self-incrimination can be achieved through torture or blackmail. The accused person is entitled to remain silent till they come across their defending legal counsel. If the counsel is not available, the accused has the right to be provided with adequate legal representation provided by the court. One cannot be charged under the same crime twice. When a case starts, the accused has the right to free and speedy trial at the court of law. In case, a citizen is accused of a crime, before a search is done on their premis es, the police must obtain a search warrant. In case of the witnesses, the accused is free to bring their own witnesses. PROCESS AFTER CRIME IS COMMITED First, it is the work of the security officers to determine whether a crime has at any chance been committed. Such work is left to the security officers since they are equipped with resources to investigate and determine the extent of a crime. Investigations involve, talking to close witnesses and gathering other relevant evidence form the crime scene. Evidence collection can go a step ahead to make a case more valid by videotaping and photographing. After all that is done, the police start to determine the probable answers to the cause of the crime. All this is done through recording the statements of both parties involved in the crime (Hartigan, 2003).A follow up investigation is done to arrest the offender or seize illegal goods. After investigation are through by the law enforcement agency. After the police agency is through with their investigation, the case is filed to the corresponding prosecuting attorney. The prosecutor reviews the case and determines which evidence is reliable and the step ahead. If the case is valid, the prosecutor determines under what offense the crime is to be filed. If the evidence is not reliable to put a tough case, the case is readmitted for further investigation or nullified. POST ARREST PROCEDURE If the prosecutor feels that there is enough evidence to put a tough case, the accused is arrested. However, this is not to mean that the accused is guilty. Before one is fully tried and a sentence is issued, a lot happens. Most of The arrests are warrantless. When one is arrested, they are then transported to jail and booked. When being booked, the person details are filled in an occurrence book. The booking is extremely beneficial as it is an administrative process. Activities carried out in booking includes, accused name, contact, place of work, phone details, and next of kin information. The defendant is also photographed and their fingerprints taken. After the arrest, one is entitled to make three phone calls to inform their lawyer or their people. The person arrested, remains in jail till they are bailed or they appear in arraignment. Next is the preliminary hearing, followed by plea-bargaining. CONCLUSION Under any circumstance, the law is the only friend of an accused person. No person has the authority to deny a person from that only friend. All clauses in the law are meant to protect any accused citizen. The due process allows any accused person to enjoy all rights in the bill of right before being deemed guilty by a court of law. The adversarial system has all the elements to enable the due process to take the course with no contradiction of the law. Buy custom Due Process essay

Ike Turner and Tina Turner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ike Turner and Tina Turner - Essay Example Meanwhile, the most famous forms of grave crime might just probably be murder and rape. But the majority of reported crimes involve non-stranger violence, consisting of property and drug crimes. (Koski, 2002) According to Koski (2002), the crimes that arouse the greatest fear in people are violent, personal attacks by strangers. He went on to say that interpersonal crime is deeply damaging seeing as it also causes emotional and financial toll on its victims. Another kind of crime that might apply to the case to be discussed in this paper is predatory crime. Such consists of a "motivated offender" and a "suitable target." However, the most frequent form of crime might just arguably be abuse, in any form. Abuse is often defined as "a corrupt practice or custom or an improper or excessive use or treatment." (Abuse, 2008) This word seriously condemns any unjust physical maltreatment. Koski (2008) said that in such cases of people wanting to discuss the root of some crimes, they would straight away go to the offender for answers. However, stereotypes of such persons do not always match their real characteristics. In order to help people properly understand offenders, he outlined the core characteristics of a criminal offender. First is the age of onset. ... First is the age of onset. According to such a character, a criminal offender might have started on such a path or life trajectory of committing crimes at an early age or early stage of his or her life. Second is childhood environment. With this, Koski (2008) attributes his offending tendencies to having been brought up or raised in an unstable environment. He or she might have experienced "severe physical abuse, emotional trauma, and showed signs of 'hypermasculinity' engendered by the absence of a father." Third is substance abuse. Of course this would entail taking in a lot of alcohol or illegal narcotics, which more often than not, were caused by deeper, darker reasons that caused the future offender to be scarred physically, mentally and emotionally. Fourth is male role model. Such a core characteristic says that certain outlooks, beliefs and practices of potential offenders might have stemmed from being exposed to different kinds of people, especially to people to whom a person can relate to the most. Fifth is psychosocial development. Aside from having different addictions and problems, Koski (2008) said that he might have experienced other "psychosocial maladies." Sixth are predatory inclinations. Koski (2008) in this case says that if a person who has undergone a turbulent childhood baffled by physical abuse, he is more likely to engage in relationships that would have violence integrated in its core, with him or her as the offender and not the victim anymore. And, in order to clearly illustrate the picture of an offender, it is a must that we take on the discussion of the life of Ike Wister Turner, one of the major characters in the case this paper hopes to look into. On November 5, 1931, he was born to